
{"id":2007,"date":"2020-01-30T14:38:56","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T13:38:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.paneuropa.at\/?p=2007"},"modified":"2020-01-30T14:38:56","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T13:38:56","slug":"challenges-facing-young-people-in-the-western-balkans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/en\/challenges-facing-young-people-in-the-western-balkans\/","title":{"rendered":"Challenges facing young people in the Western Balkans"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Arbeitslosigkeit ist eines der gro\u00dfen Probleme f\u00fcr die Jugend in den L\u00e4ndern S\u00fcdosteuropas. Viele von ihnen dr\u00e4ngen in den Staatsdienst, die N\u00e4he zu politischen Parteien ist oft entscheidend f\u00fcr einen Job. Obwohl sie grunds\u00e4tzlich gerne in ihrer Heimat bleiben w\u00fcrden, verlassen aufgrund dieser tristen Lage viele ihre Heimatl\u00e4nder. Die Attraktivit\u00e4t der EU ist ungebrochen. Von Milica Muhadinovic, Vorsitzende der Paneuropa-Jugend Montenegro.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Eine deutschsprachige Version des Artikel findet sich weiter unten.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Many in the Southeast Europe (SEE), or more specifically Western Balkans (WB), see the European project as the only viable path for a sustainable, social, prosperous and democratic Europe. As such, the European project depends on the ideas and ambitions of young people in this region.<\/p>\n<p>Young people in the SEE region grew up with a European vision and today are predominantly pro-European.<\/p>\n<p>The Friedrich Ebert Foundation conducted a study (Youth Study Southeast Europe 2018\/2019) among more than 10,000 young people aged 14\u201329 from ten countries of Southeast Europe (SEE) (1), covering a broad range of issues facing the youth today. One of the findings is that youth, from the WB6 in particular, express a great willingness to leave their countries, fueled by existential reasons and negative perceptions of the situation at home (2). However, youth across the region overwhelmingly supports the membership in the European Union, though it is safe to say that it seems they value its economic progress more than its values. Given the above-mentioned reasons, a large number of young people are still living with their parents and delaying independence.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of their labor market status, young people, especially in the WB6 countries, face a serious lack of quality employment opportunities. Besides a high incidence of unemployment, in some countries \u2013 like Albania, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina \u2013 more than 20% of youth are not in any kind of employment, education or training (NEET) (3). In the WB6 countries, where problems with employment are the most acute, young people exhibit a very strong preference towards public sector employment, and membership in a political party is considered to play a very important role in finding a job.<\/p>\n<p>Youth also face significant skill-mismatches in the labor market, which indicates that school-to-work transitions are poorly facilitated by educational and labor market institutions. Indeed, young people across the region are for the most part dissatisfied with the level of connectedness between education and the world of work. Nevertheless, youth are predominantly and increasingly satisfied with their countries\u2019 educational systems in general. This might be related to the fact that the presence of practical aspects in education, which tend to improve the employability of graduates, has substantially increased across the region.The importance that SEE youth attach to job security is positively correlated with the preference for public sector employment (4).<\/p>\n<p>In the WB6, the highest unemployment rates are recorded in North Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro. The youth unemployment rate (total workforce, ages 15-24) in 2018 is: Albania 31%; Bosnia and Herzegovina 46.7%; Montenegro 29.1%; North Macedonia 44.7%; Serbia 32.1% (World Development Indicators, 2019) (5).<\/p>\n<p>The Western Balkans Youth Cooperation Platform (WBYCP) in 2018 organized an essay contest called &#8220;Three Reasons to Stay in My Country&#8221;. The first common characteristic of the responses was the love and responsibility young people have for their homeland, and the second was the commitment of young people to change their homeland for the better.<\/p>\n<p>The Joint Statement of the WBYCP says: &#8220;But in order to contribute and fulfill our dreams, some crucial conditions must be fulfilled:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 A more accessible and high-quality education system is a major demand &#8211; high costs of education or low quality of education are pushing the younger generation to seek better alternatives abroad;<br \/>\n\u2022 Employment is not only our worry but also the main concern of our families. The transition from school to work, the availability of fairly-paid jobs, the merit-based career development and more active job-market policies for youth are required for Balkan youngsters to make a career here.<br \/>\n\u2022 But currently, youth policies are designed and implemented by people who are not directly concerned with our burning issues, such as age, mood or expertise. To build and implement youth policies that meet our needs and truly help the youth, the Balkan young generation must be properly represented at all stages of policy making &#8211; from design, through implementation to monitoring.&#8221; (6)<\/p>\n<p>In support of the above, the results of a survey conducted in Montenegro stated that it takes about two years for young people to find a decent job after graduation. Around 41% of young people between the ages of 15 and 29 don\u2019t have a job. One third of employed youth doesn\u2019t have pension insurance (7).<\/p>\n<p>The UN Youth Empowerment Program in Montenegro called &#8220;Kreaktivacija&#8221; (Eng. Creactivation) aims to create conditions for employability and employment of young people by:<br \/>\n\u2022 Improving the legislative and regulatory environment and<br \/>\n\u2022 Enabling young people to use their potential in the available context and involve them in decision-making and other processes using innovative tools and approaches.<br \/>\nIt aims to create an environment that empowers and motivates young people to create and use opportunities for personal and social growth with passion, integrity and competence in an ever-changing world (8).<\/p>\n<p>This program helped shape the new MontenegrinNational Youth Strategy for 2017-2021 (9). The strategy was adopted by the government in September 2016.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, policy makers need to be aware of and harness the potential that young people in the region can offer given the European integration process happening in the region.<\/p>\n<p>For the future of Europe, we must listen to the voice(s) of young people.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Herausforderungen f\u00fcr die jungen Leute am Westbalkan<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Viele in S\u00fcdosteuropa, und ganz speziell in den Westbalkan-L\u00e4ndern, sehen das europ\u00e4ische Projekt als einzigen tragf\u00e4higen Weg f\u00fcr ein nachhaltiges, soziales, prosperierendes und demokratisches Europa. So gesehen h\u00e4ngt das europ\u00e4ische Projekt von den Ideen und Ambitionen der jungen Leute in dieser Region ab.\u00a0 Die jungen Menschen in S\u00fcdosteuropa sind mit einer europ\u00e4ischen Vision aufgewachsen und haben eine starke proeurop\u00e4ische Einstellung.<\/p>\n<p>Die Friedrich Ebert Stiftung f\u00fchrte eine Studie (Jugendstudie S\u00fcdosteuropa 2018\/2019) mit mehr als 10.000 jungen Menschen im Alter von 14 bis 29 in zehn L\u00e4ndern S\u00fcdosteuropas (1) durch, in der ein breites Gebiet von Themen, mit denen Jugendliche konfrontiert sind, abgedeckt wird. Eines der Ergebnisse ist, dass Jugendliche aus den sechs Westbalkanl\u00e4ndern (Albanien, Bosnien-Herzegowina, Kosovo, Mazedonien, Montenegro, Serbien) eine hohe Bereitschaft haben, ihr Heimatland zu verlassen. Die Motivation daf\u00fcr ist in existenziellen Sorgen und einer negativen Wahrnehmung der Lage in den Heimatl\u00e4ndern (2) begr\u00fcndet. Allerdings, die jungen Menschen in der Region unterst\u00fctzen mehrheitlich das Ziel einer Mitgliedschaft in der Europ\u00e4ischen Union. Man kann mit Sicherheit sagen, dass sie den wirtschaftlichen Fortschritt sehr hoch einsch\u00e4tzen. Trotz der oben genannten Zahlen lebt aber eine gro\u00dfe Zahl der Jugendlichen nach wie vor bei ihren Eltern, und verschiebt die eigene Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit auf sp\u00e4ter.<\/p>\n<p>Betrachtet man den Arbeitsmarkt, speziell in den sogenannten sechs Westbalkanl\u00e4ndern, so sind junge Leute damit konfrontiert, dass es zu wenige Arbeitspl\u00e4tze f\u00fcr h\u00f6here Qualifikationen gibt. Neben einer hohen Arbeitslosigkeit in einigen L\u00e4ndern \u2013 wie Albanien, Kosovo und Bosnien-Herzegowina \u2013 sind mehr als 20 Prozent der Jugendlichen weder in einem Arbeitsverh\u00e4ltnis noch in einer Ausbildung (3). In den sechs Westbalkanl\u00e4ndern, wo die Probleme mit Arbeitspl\u00e4tzen sehr hoch sind, haben junge Leute eine starke Pr\u00e4ferenz f\u00fcr eine Besch\u00e4ftigung im \u00f6ffentlichen Sektor. Die Mitgliedschaft in einer politischen Partei wird als sehr wichtig bei der Suche nach einem Arbeitsplatz gesehen.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2009\" style=\"width: 1510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2009\" class=\"wp-image-2009 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/MilicaM-e1580391427470-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/MilicaM-e1580391427470-1.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/MilicaM-e1580391427470-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/MilicaM-e1580391427470-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/MilicaM-e1580391427470-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2009\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Milica Muhadinovic: Montenegrin Pan-European Union Youth President \/ Pr\u00e4sidentin der Paneuropa-Jugend Montenegro<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Jugendliche sind auch auf dem Arbeitsmarkt mit erheblichen Qualifikationsdefiziten konfrontiert, was darauf hindeutet, dass der \u00dcbergang von der Schule zur Arbeit von Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen nur unzureichend erleichtert wird. In der gesamten Region sind sie sehr unzufrieden mit der Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit zwischen Ausbildung und Arbeitswelt. Trotzdem sind sie zunehmend zufrieden mit der Qualit\u00e4t des Bildungswesens. Das d\u00fcrfte damit zusammenh\u00e4ngen, dass die praktischen Aspekte in der Bildung, die ihre M\u00f6glichkeit, eine Arbeitsqualifikation zu bekommen, deutlich gestiegen sind. Die Bedeutung, die Arbeitsplatzsicherheit f\u00fcr die Jugend in den L\u00e4ndern S\u00fcdosteuropas hat, korreliert positiv mit dem Wunsch nach einer Anstellung im \u00f6ffentlichen Sektor (4).<\/p>\n<p>Die h\u00f6chsten Arbeitslosenraten in den L\u00e4ndern haben Nordmazedonien, Kosovo und Montenegro. Die Arbeitslosenrate bei Jugendlichen zwischen 15 und 24 lag im Jahr 2018 bei: 31 Prozent in Albanien, 46,7 Prozent in Bosnien-Herzegowina, 29,1 Prozent in Montenegro, 44,7 Prozent in Mazedonien, und 32,1 Prozent in Serbien (5).<\/p>\n<p>Die Western Balkans Youth Cooperation Platform (WBYCP) (Westbalkan-Jugendkooperations-Plattform) organisierte 2018 einen Aufsatzwettbewerb unter dem Titel: \u201eDrei Gr\u00fcnde in meinem Heimatland zu bleiben\u201c. Der meist genannte Grund war die Heimatliebe und die Verantwortung f\u00fcr das eigene Land. Als zweith\u00e4ufigster Grund wurde das Engagement f\u00fcr eine Verbesserung der Lage im Heimatland genannt.<\/p>\n<p>In einer Stellungnahme der WBYCP hei\u00dft es dazu: \u201eUm aber einen Beitrag zu leisten und unsere Tr\u00e4ume zu erf\u00fcllen, m\u00fcssen einige entscheidende Bedingungen erf\u00fcllt sein.\u201c:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Ein leichter zug\u00e4ngliches und hochqualitatives Bildungssystem ist von h\u00f6chster Bedeutung \u2013 hohe Kosten oder niedrige Qualit\u00e4t der Ausbildung dr\u00e4ngen die junge Generation dazu, nach besseren Alternativen im Ausland zu suchen;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Eine Besch\u00e4ftigung ist nicht nur unsere Sorge, sondern auch ein Hauptanliegen unserer Familien. Der Wechsel von der Schule in den Arbeitsprozess, die Verf\u00fcgbarkeit von gut bezahlten Jobs, eine leistungsorientierte Karriereentwicklung und eine aktivere Arbeitsmarktpolitik f\u00fcr die Jugend sind erforderlich, damit Jugendliche hier eine Karriere machen k\u00f6nnen;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Derzeit wird die Jugendpolitik von Leuten entworfen und umgesetzt, die sich nicht mit den brennenden Fragen wie Alter, Einstellung und Fachwissen besch\u00e4ftigen. Um eine Jugendpolitik zu entwerfen und umzusetzen, die unsere Bed\u00fcrfnisse trifft und der Jugend tats\u00e4chlich hilft, muss die junge Balkangeneration auf allen Ebenen der Politik gut vertreten sein \u2013 von der Konzeption \u00fcber die Umsetzung bis zum Monitoring (6).<\/p>\n<p>Erg\u00e4nzend zu dem oben gesagten, hat die Untersuchung in Montenegro festgestellt, dass es ungef\u00e4hr zwei Jahre dauert, um nach dem Schulabschluss einen ad\u00e4quaten Job zu finden. Zirka 41 Prozent der Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 15 und 29 haben keine Besch\u00e4ftigung. Ein Drittel der Jugend in Besch\u00e4ftigung hat keine Pensionsversicherung (7).<\/p>\n<p>Das UN-Programm zur St\u00e4rkung der Jugend in Montenegro, genannt \u201eKreaktivacija\u201c (Kreativierung) will Bedingungen zur Besch\u00e4ftigungsf\u00e4higkeit und Besch\u00e4ftigung von Jugendlichen durch folgende Ma\u00dfnahmen schaffen:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Verbesserung der gesetzlichen und regulativen Rahmenbedingungen.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Bef\u00e4higung der jungen Leute ihr Potenzial im verf\u00fcgbaren Umfeld zu nutzen, und sich selbst in den Entscheidungsprozess und andere Prozesse einzubringen, in dem sie innovative Zug\u00e4nge finden.<\/p>\n<p>Es hat zum Ziel, Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, die junge Leute st\u00e4rkt und motiviert M\u00f6glichkeiten f\u00fcr pers\u00f6nliche und soziale Verbesserung mit Leidenschaft, Integrit\u00e4t und Kompetenz in einer sich st\u00e4ndig \u00e4ndernden Welt zu nutzen (8).<\/p>\n<p>Dieses Programm hat die neue montenegrinische Jugendstrategie f\u00fcr den Zeitraum 2017-2021 (9) mitgestaltet. Die Strategie wurde von der Regierung im September 2016 verabschiedet. Die politischen Entscheidungstr\u00e4ger m\u00fcssen sich daher des Potenzials, das junge Menschen in der Region angesichts des in der Region stattfindenden europ\u00e4ischen Integrationsprozesses bieten k\u00f6nnen, bewusst sein und es nutzen. F\u00fcr die Zukunft Europas m\u00fcssen die Stimmen der Jugend geh\u00f6rt werden.<\/p>\n<p>Footnotes for the article \u201cChallenges facing young people in the Western Balkans\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[1] Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia<\/p>\n<p>[2]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fes-soe.org\/features\/youth-studies\/\">https:\/\/www.fes-soe.org\/features\/youth-studies\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[3] <a href=\"http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/id-moe\/15274-20190408.pdf\">http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/id-moe\/15274-20190408.pdf<\/a>, page 109<\/p>\n<p>[4] <a href=\"http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/id-moe\/15274-20190408.pdf\">Ibid<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[5]<a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[6]<a href=\"http:\/\/www.connecting-youth.org\/news\/Statement_28.pdf\">http:\/\/www.connecting-youth.org\/news\/Statement_28.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[7] Youth Empowerment Programe in Montenegro KREAKTIVACIJA, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HrEeM6h0a2M\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HrEeM6h0a2M<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[8]http:\/\/un.org.me\/youth-empowerment-programme-in-montenegro\/<\/p>\n<p>[9]Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.strategijazamlade.me\/\">http:\/\/www.strategijazamlade.me\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>c Beitragsbild: Europ\u00e4ische Union 2018<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Arbeitslosigkeit ist eines der gro\u00dfen Probleme f\u00fcr die Jugend in den L\u00e4ndern S\u00fcdosteuropas. 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