{"id":5164,"date":"2025-06-30T19:06:25","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T19:06:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/russia-china-and-ideology\/"},"modified":"2026-10-13T08:12:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T08:12:58","slug":"russia-china-and-ideology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/en\/russia-china-and-ideology\/","title":{"rendered":"Russia, China, and Ideology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">China and Russia are architects of alternative realms of reality. Ideology becomes a tool of power. However, the methods of the two powers differ. By Anna Pattermann   <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What is ideology \u2013 a matter of faith or a weapon? In a world where words can trigger wars and narratives can shift entire realities, this question suddenly becomes acutely relevant. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The authoritarian great powers China and Russia are no longer merely adversaries on a geopolitical level \u2013 they are architects of alternative realms of reality, where ideology acts as a strategic instrument. No dialogue, no argument, but a tool of power. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hannah Arendt once formulated it thus: \u201cIdeology is not conviction through equality, but a substitute for authority through pre-structure.\u201d It is precisely in this sense that ideology confronts us today in the digital information space: not as an invitation to discourse, but as an architecture of obedience, control, and systematic reality-shaping. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this article, I want to ask the question: Are China&#8217;s and Russia&#8217;s FIMI (Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference) strategies truly identical? Or do fundamental differences emerge \u2013 in objective, form, and ideological foundation? Because anyone who lumps all authoritarian systems together misunderstands the strategic diversity and underestimates the dangers for Europe.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To protect our democracies, we must understand the language of attack \u2013 and it does not begin with the first disinformation post, but with the ideological foundation upon which it stands.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">China&#8217;s Strategy: Order Through Ideology<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In China, ideology is not a superstructure \u2013 it is infrastructure. Xi Jinping&#8217;s concept of the \u201cOverall National Security Outlook\u201d anchors ideological control not only in political discourse but at the core of the state. It is not merely about what is thought \u2013 but that everyone thinks in the same ideological rhythm (cf. Blanchette 2020: 2\u20134).  <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3531\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3531\" class=\"wp-image-3531 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Militaer-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-2048x1362.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">For China, ideology is infrastructure. It&#8217;s not just about everyone thinking the same thing, but also about them thinking in the same ideological rhythm. The photo shows Chinese soldiers exercising.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ideological security becomes a prerequisite for political stability, a defence line against perceived \u201cWestern influences\u201d, but above all, a filter through which the world and reality are to be perceived. Terms such as democracy, human rights, or freedom of expression are not considered universal principles, but rather \u201cdiscourse traps\u201d intended to undermine the ideological balance (ibid.: 6\u20138). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What sounds like rhetoric is, in reality, systemically thought out. The Chinese leadership measures ideological security by three criteria: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Whether the ruling ideology fulfils its social mobilisation function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Whether the majority identifies with it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. Whether the state can effectively control it and defend it against disturbances (cf. ibid.: 4\u20135). Ideology thus becomes a political early warning system \u2013 and a weapon at the same time. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Internationally, this is reflected in initiatives such as the Global Development Initiative (GDI), the Global Security Initiative (GSI), or the Global Civilization Initiative (GCI). What is presented here under the guise of \u201ccommon development\u201d or \u201ccivilisational diversity\u201d is a well-packaged questioning of Western values and models. China&#8217;s message is clear: Your democracy is not without alternatives. Our system is just as legitimate \u2013 perhaps even more stable (cf. L2, Slides: 18).   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This form of ideological \u201csoft power\u201d export is no coincidence. It serves to consolidate alliances, create dependencies, and ultimately promote a world order in which authoritarian stability represents an equivalent model to liberal democracy. In doing so, China acts less loudly than Russia \u2013 but strategically no less effectively.  <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Russia&#8217;s Strategy: Confusion Instead of Consensus<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If China&#8217;s ideology seeks to establish order, then Russia&#8217;s information policy thrives on the opposite: on confusion, decomposition, and the deliberate dissolution of clarity. Moscow&#8217;s strategy does not rely on a coherent worldview, but on emotional resonance, national myths, and playing with ambiguity \u2013 an information war without solid ground. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unlike in China, where the party attempts to systematically control ideology, Russia&#8217;s approach is more diffuse \u2013 and precisely for that reason, effective. According to Greene and Robertson, Putin&#8217;s power is based not only on repression but on co-construction: a shared myth between state and society, fed by collective memory, pride, resentment, and fear (Greene &#038; Robertson 2019: 2\u20133). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is exemplified by the annexation of Crimea, which was legitimised not through political arguments, but through collective euphoria. It was not reason, but emotion that was appealed to. Not the truth, but the story that \u201cfeels\u201d best (ibid.: 9\u201310).  <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3530\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3530\" class=\"wp-image-3530 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2.jpg\" alt=\"What unites China and Russia (the image on the left shows the EU flag next to the Chinese flag) is the endeavour to undermine the rules-based order and the Western way of life based on democracy and freedom.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Flagge-EU-China-EU-2023-Dati-Bendo-k-scaled-2-2048x1364.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">What unites China and Russia (the image on the left shows the EU flag next to the Chinese flag) is the endeavour to undermine the rules-based order and the Western way of life based on democracy and freedom.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Russia&#8217;s FIMI (Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference) strategy therefore does not follow an ideological export programme like China&#8217;s. Instead, it operates through ambiguity, cynicism, and disruption. Media outlets like RT or Sputnik do not convey an alternative worldview \u2013 they sow doubt, foster contradictions, and undermine trust in liberal institutions. The goal is not consensus, but loss of control \u2013 on the part of democracies.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This strategic vagueness is no accident, but a deliberate technique. The Russian military expert Gregory Tulchinsky speaks in this context of the \u201cimplicit nature\u201d of actors in information wars \u2013 they often appear only as interpretation, as rumour or narrative (Fridman 2017: 66). This makes the discourse about information manipulation itself part of the manipulation. Everything is true \u2013 and at the same time nothing.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ofer Fridman calls this phenomenon \u201cstrategic ambiguity\u201d \u2013 a state in which truth, deception, and interpretation can no longer be separated (ibid.: 67). In this grey area, Russia can frame any criticism as a Western conspiracy and any counter-narrative as \u201cenemy propaganda\u201d. The target audience is often not the West, but its own population: the constant narrative of a besieged Russia creates internal cohesion through external threat (ibid.: 81).  <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Order versus Dissolution<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">While China builds legitimacy, Russia deconstructs that of others. One order seeks approval \u2013 the other aims for disorientation. Both systems use ideology \u2013 but with diametrically opposed means.  <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Two Faces of Information Power<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">China and Russia share the goal of challenging the liberal world order \u2013 yet the means by which they operate differ fundamentally. Both strategically employ ideology, but they follow two opposing logics: China strives for ideological coherence. It wants to establish an alternative model to liberal democracy \u2013 one based on stability, national sovereignty, and cultural distinctiveness. Ideology is thereby made measurable, integrated into security strategies, and globally disseminated through international programmes such as GDI, GSI, and GCI. It is a model with a claim to universal validity \u2013 only without the universal values that we defend in Europe.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Russia, however, aims not for construction, but for disintegration. There is no Russian societal blueprint for the world \u2013 only doubt about the Western one. Ideology here is not a system, but a mood. Not a code, but a fight. The instruments are emotion, ambiguity, and a kind of state-orchestrated loss of control. While China wants to strengthen trust in itself, Russia wants to destroy the trust of others (cf. Fridman 2017; Greene &#038; Robertson 2019).     <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consequences for Europe&#8217;s Strategic Resilience<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This difference is not only theoretically significant \u2013 it has consequences for Europe&#8217;s strategic resilience. Anyone who focuses solely on Russian disinformation misunderstands the long-term effectiveness of the Chinese model. Conversely, anyone who underestimates the complexity of Russian manipulation methods remains vulnerable to their insidious power.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Both systems do not operate outside Europe \u2013 they speak into our discourses, connecting with dissatisfaction, doubt, and crises of values. And precisely here, ideology \u2013 in Arendt&#8217;s sense \u2013 becomes a dangerous substitute for authority: not legitimised by consent, but by perceived lack of alternatives. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Information Spaces Become Battlefields<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In a time when information spaces are becoming battlefields, ideological vigilance is not an intellectual luxury \u2013 it is a survival strategy. We must recognise that the threat to our democracies does not always begin with violence \u2013 it often begins with stories. Stories that sound plausible. Stories that promise order. Or freedom. Or pride.     <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Whether these stories come from Beijing or Moscow \u2013 they pursue different paths, yet they aim for the same thing: the erosion point of our convictions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Therefore, it is more necessary than ever today not only to examine what is being said \u2013 but why it is being said. And what worldview is being delivered between the lines. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">References and Literature<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Blanchette, Jude (2020): Ideological Security as National Security: China\u2019s Political Discourse under Xi Jinping. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), China Power Project.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Insisa, Aurelio (2024\u20132025): Authoritarian Playbook: China\u2019s Narratives. Lecture slides, module \u201cAuthoritarian Playbook \u2013 Strategic Communications in the 21st Century\u201d, Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Greene, Samuel \/ Robertson, Graeme (2019): Putin vs. the People. The Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fridman, Ofer (2017): The Russian Perspective on Information Warfare: Conceptual Roots and Political Context. In: Defence Strategic Communications, 2(1), pp. 61\u201386.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Feature image: The image above shows a high-level meeting between the EU and Russia, proving that efforts were indeed made to integrate Russia into international structures and that it was treated as an equal.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p>c Images: European Union 2022 Etienne Ansotte, 2023 Dati Bendo<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>China and Russia are architects of alternative realms of reality. Ideology becomes a tool of power. However, the methods of the two powers differ. By Anna Pattermann<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5165,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[749],"tags":[783,790,733,792,751,791,793],"class_list":["post-5164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-china","tag-democracy","tag-europe","tag-ideology","tag-russia","tag-totalitarianism","tag-values","pmpro-has-access"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Russia, China, and Ideology - Paneuropa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Russia, China, and Ideology - Paneuropa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"China and Russia are architects of alternative realms of reality. 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