{"id":5381,"date":"2018-03-09T12:15:36","date_gmt":"2018-03-09T12:15:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/the-outbreak-of-the-second-world-war\/"},"modified":"2026-10-19T19:05:03","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T19:05:03","slug":"the-outbreak-of-the-second-world-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/en\/the-outbreak-of-the-second-world-war\/","title":{"rendered":"The Outbreak of the Second World War"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>On 12th March 1938, Austria was wiped off the map for seven years. For five years, the country had tried to defend itself against the brown terror. In March 1938, there were no allies. Only Mexico protested against the Anschluss. A commentary by Karl von Habsburg.    <\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u201cAustria, the first victim of Nazi aggression, invasion, and occupation, was liberated in the spring of 1945 by the victorious Allied armies.\u201d With these words, the founder of the Paneuropean Union, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, introduces his <a href=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/philosophie\/geschichte\/das-problem-der-besetzung-oesterreichs\/\">Memorandum \u201cThe Problem of the Occupation of Austria\u201d<\/a>, published in 1950. On 13th March 1938, a referendum on the country&#8217;s independence was supposed to take place in Austria. On 12th March, German troops marched into Austria on the orders of the tyrant Adolf Hitler and carried out the \u201cAnschluss\u201d of Austria to the German Reich. The day before, the Austrian government had already resigned with Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg&#8217;s famous words, \u201cGod protect Austria\u201d. A Nazi government had taken power, and Austria disappeared from the map for seven years.      <\/p>\n<p>The National Socialists, who had been in power in Germany since 1933, called the annexation of Austria \u201cOperation Otto\u201d. \u201cOtto\u201d referred to my father, Otto von Habsburg. The \u201cV\u00f6lkischer Beobachter\u201d, the Nazis&#8217; own self-proclaimed \u201cpropaganda sheet\u201d, announced that \u201cHabsburg&#8217;s most degenerate offspring \u2013 a fugitive criminal\u201d was wanted. Previously, my father had used all means at his disposal to defend Austria&#8217;s independence and waged a bitter struggle against National Socialism. This included appeals to the Austrian Chancellor to bring about a reconciliation with the Social Democrats in order to prevent the Anschluss through the broadest possible political front of Austrian patriots. Finally, he offered Chancellor Schuschnigg to take over the chancellorship in order to organise the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A6R5YWm_Iyg\">military resistance<\/a> against Hitler&#8217;s aggression that Schuschnigg was unwilling to undertake. There were still officers and men in the Austrian army who would have been prepared to offer resistance, although it was clear that the prospect of military success was practically non-existent. My father was absolutely aware that such an undertaking would have been fatal for himself, but he was convinced of the long-term downfall of the Nazi system and always wanted Austria to be seen and recognised as a victim of Hitler&#8217;s aggression.       <\/p>\n<p>Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi fled his apartment in Vienna&#8217;s Heiligenkreuzerhof from the Nazis on the night of 11th to 12th March 1938. A memorial plaque commemorates this. Both his apartment and the Paneuropean offices in the Hofburg were stormed by the Gestapo, and all documents confiscated. As a result, the Paneuropean archive from the interwar period is still in Moscow. It fell into the hands of the Nazis in 1938, and to the Red Army at the end of the war in 1945. He, Coudenhove-Kalergi, was also a bitter opponent of National Socialism, who used all his means to preserve Austria&#8217;s independence.       <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1344 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pan.thatscommunication.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/RCK-Tafel-1.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"3648\" height=\"2736\"><\/p>\n<p>Both my <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NOTn4l7UJeQ\">father<\/a> and Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi knew that an annexation of Austria by Hitler&#8217;s Germany would mean the beginning of a major war. One can therefore date the outbreak of the Second World War \u2013 unless one speaks of a 30-year war in the 20th century, which began in 1914 and only ended in 1945 \u2013 to 12th March 1938. <\/p>\n<p>For years, it has been politically correct in Austria to view Austria not as a victim of Nazi expansion, but as an accomplice. Undeniably, there were citizens of the Republic of Austria who advocated for the Anschluss. Often with violence. The many assassinations carried out by Nazis in Austria after Hitler came to power in Germany are a historical fact. Just as it is a fact that citizens of this country became cruel henchmen of the regime. There were opportunists like the State Chancellor of the Republic, Karl Renner, who eagerly pushed themselves forward to publicly promote the Anschluss. And there were the many fellow travellers.      <\/p>\n<p>Likewise, the many efforts of resistance against the aggression of the Nazi regime are a historical fact. The sons of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Ernst and Max Hohenberg, who were the closest contacts of my exiled father in Austria, were also taken to Dachau concentration camp. <\/p>\n<h5>What do contemporary witnesses say?<\/h5>\n<p>Contemporary witnesses like Coudenhove-Kalergi or my father repeatedly emphasised this. Both tried to establish an Austrian government-in-exile in the US. It was crucial for this to make the nations of the world understand that Austria had fallen victim to a military invasion on 12th March 1938, while the Nazis, for their part, did everything to suggest to the world through a falsified and unfree referendum that almost all Austrians were enthusiastic about the Anschluss to Hitler&#8217;s Germany.  <\/p>\n<p>Former State Secretary Dr. Ludwig Steiner, who as a young man witnessed Austria&#8217;s struggle for independence, wondered at a commemoration event ten years ago in the Reichsratssaal why there is no longer more discussion about how Austria resisted and fought against Nazi pressure for five years. Steiner spoke of the fierce battles that the Austrian army, the police, and other units had fought against the illegal Nazis, and for which Austria had to pay a heavy toll in blood. <\/p>\n<p>Why did Hitler have to send in his troops if a majority of Austrians were supposedly so enthusiastic about the Anschluss? He could then have calmly awaited the referendum scheduled by Chancellor Schuschnigg for 13th March 1938. But it is highly probable that the mood at the time was different. Contemporary witnesses also report this. Hitler did not want to take this risk.    <\/p>\n<h5>Murder of Opponents of the Nazi Regime<\/h5>\n<p>The invasion marked the beginning of a massive wave of arrests against opponents of the regime. Legitimists and communists were the first to be sent to concentration camps. <a href=\"https:\/\/austria-forum.org\/af\/Wissenssammlungen\/Essays\/Recht\/Hans_Karl_Zessner-Spitzenberg\">Karl Ze\u00dfner-Spitzenberg<\/a>, co-founder of the <a href=\"http:\/\/koel.at\">\u201cAcademic Association of Catholic-Austrian Student Fraternities\u201d<\/a>, a Legitimist and friend of my father, was the first fatality of the new rulers. He was arrested by the Gestapo on 18th March 1938 during Holy Mass and died a few months later from the consequences of brutal torture in Dachau concentration camp.   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oeaw.ac.at\/fileadmin\/Institute\/INZ\/Bio_Archiv\/bio_2013_04.htm\">General Wilhelm Zehner<\/a>, a well-known opponent of the National Socialists who was also prepared to offer military resistance, was shot dead by the Gestapo in April 1938. Imagine any other country in Europe that would have had men like Ze\u00dfner-Spitzenberg or Zehner. Parks, streets, and squares would have been named after them; at least every ten years, large celebrations would take place in their memory. In Vienna, however, a part of the Ringstrasse is not named after Wilhelm Zehner but after Karl Renner. That Social Democratic State Chancellor who, after the Anschluss was completed, not only announced that he would vote &#8216;yes&#8217; in the referendum then set by Hitler and called on the Social Democrats to vote &#8216;yes&#8217;, but then also wrote a document advocating for the Anschluss of the Sudetenland, which was only not published because the German troops had created facts more quickly. As &#8216;compensation&#8217;, Renner then wrote a subservient letter to Stalin in 1945.     <\/p>\n<p>There was only one country where the head of government was murdered by the Nazis: Austria. Engelbert Dollfuss fell victim to a Nazi assassination attempt in 1934; attacks had been carried out against him even before that. Kurt von Schuschnigg was interned in a concentration camp, as were numerous other Austrian politicians.  <\/p>\n<p>The actions of these personalities are often judged in our time with today&#8217;s perspective. An unserious approach. Certainly, not all were democrats. But democracy was not really highly regarded by other parties back then either. Thank God we have learned from this.    <\/p>\n<h5>1938 was undeniably a consequence of 1918<\/h5>\n<p>Undeniably, the events of 1938 are a consequence of the events of 1918. The collapse of the European order, the fragmentation of the Central European cultural area as a result of nationalism, showed their effects. <\/p>\n<p>Even if history does not repeat itself, certain mistakes apparently do. I am thinking very specifically of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.karlvonhabsburg.at\/news-detail\/russische-beziehungen\/\">annexation of Crimea with the subsequent referendum under Kalashnikovs<\/a>. At least in this case, there were international protests. But how many government politicians in European countries \u2013 including Austria \u2013 want to return to business as usual and lift the measures against Russia?   <\/p>\n<p>We can no longer change history. We can only interpret it based on the facts and draw conclusions for current and future policy. <\/p>\n<p>The article originally appeared on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.karlvonhabsburg.at\/weblog\/\">Karl von Habsburg<\/a>&#8216;s website.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 12th March 1938, Austria was wiped off the map for seven years. For five years, the country had tried to defend itself against the brown terror. In March 1938, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5382,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[727],"tags":[1037,741,1038,1039,1027,1040,1041,875,1042,1043,1044],"class_list":["post-5381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-anschluss","tag-austria","tag-general-zehner","tag-hitler","tag-national-socialism","tag-nazi-germany","tag-occupation","tag-otto-von-habsburg","tag-renner","tag-resistance","tag-zessner-spitzenberg","pmpro-has-access"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Outbreak of the Second World War - Paneuropa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Outbreak of the Second World War - Paneuropa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On 12th March 1938, Austria was wiped off the map for seven years. 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